The most dangerous and “popular” mushrooms include all types of fly agaric and pale grebe. They are able to destroy the work of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, nervous systems, completely affect the brain. And no heat treatment will help to neutralize the deadly poisons contained in these mushrooms. However, there are other poisonous mushrooms that are no less dangerous. This article will teach you to recognize inedible mushrooms.
The most common poisonous mushrooms
"Meat of the earth", as mushrooms are sometimes called, really has a unique taste, which attracts fans of quiet hunting again and again to look for mushroom places. Experienced "hunters" for the delicious gift of nature are well aware that the following are the most common and dangerous among the poisonous:
- brick red false foam;
- gray-yellow false foam;
- stinky fly agaric;
- satanic (false white);
- panther fly agaric;
- false value;
- false chanterelle;
- Toadstool is pale.
It is important to know about the existence of conditionally edible, acting on the body selectively in accordance with the circumstances. In the worst case, such mushrooms can cause moderate to moderate severe poisoning. These include:
- violinists;
- pushers;
- rowing;
- peas;
- value;
- waves
- breasts.
This category of mushrooms in its composition has poisonous resins that adversely affect the digestive system. The appropriate treatment can play the role of antidote: prolonged soaking in water, which must be periodically changed, salting with standing for at least 1.5 months.
The characteristic signs of poisonous mushrooms
Neither in the world of animals, nor plants does “doubles” exist with similar external attributes, but completely different in character. But this is exactly what happens with mushrooms. For example, the same species is divided into harmless and poisonous, while it is very difficult to distinguish them if you do not know the main false signs.
Each type of poisonous mushroom that grows in Russia has its own characteristics, which you need to know about someone who is not ready to exclude self-collected mushrooms from their diet. In order not to make a fatal mistake, you need to study and remember in detail the description of mushrooms harmful to health and life.
Carefully consider the appearance of the mushroom, the color of the cap and plates, the shape of the legs, the state of the pulp on the cut - the main rule.
Toadstool pale
This is the most famous poisonous mushroom in the world, has a second name - green fly agaric. Appears from mid-summer to late autumn, can grow in groups or alone. He loves pine and deciduous forests, especially at the edges. It is found in Russia, in many countries of Europe and even in America.
At the first stage of development, the hat looks like a bell, then it becomes convex. Its surface attracts with its velvety and perfect smoothness. The diameter of the hat is 4–11 cm. The under-hat plates and the leg are white.
To distinguish it from an edible mushroom, you need to be extremely careful. The pale grebe is first covered with a solid white film. Then it is torn away over time and a rim is formed around the leg, and there is also a basal cover in the form of a bag-like thickening.
The danger of toadstools lies not only in the presence of lethal toxins, but also in the fact that it is extremely similar to everyone's favorite mushrooms or russula. Populations of both are observed in similar places, they have the same color as the edible mushrooms, the shape of the legs.
And, unfortunately, they are often confused, condemning themselves to severe poisoning, after which not everyone manages to get out alive. After all, the contained poisons in a pale toadstool are heat-resistant and dissolve in water without losing their destructive properties. It is enough to consume 50 g of grebes, and a fatal outcome is guaranteed.
There is a variety of toadstools like two drops of champignon-like water. It has a pure white color, which is of interest. But if you take a closer look, it will become clear that this is another trick of these half-living, semi-growing creatures. The plates under the hat are the same white and merge with the whiteness of the mushroom. In champignons, they are pinkish at first, and darken during ripening.
There are drugs that can eliminate the effects of the strongest toxins in the toadstool. But, unfortunately, the symptoms of poisoning with this fungus are hidden for a long time (up to 2 days), which most often causes death, when precious time is missed to save the victim.
Pale toadstool does not have the usual mushroom flavor. It is not for nothing that they call it fetid.
Satanic mushroom
This giant looks very much like a porcini mushroom or oak tree, and is also attractive. Often found in oak or mixed forests of Russia. It can be found in the middle lane, European countries. The period of active growth falls on June-September.
The hat of this "monster" can reach 25-30 cm, its color is gray or with an olive tint. The leg with a mesh pattern gradually changes its shade - at first it is yellow, then it becomes yellow-red. Its height is from 5 to 15 cm, thickness - up to 10 cm.
The plates under the hat also change color depending on the stage of development of the fungus: first greenish, then yellow, orange, red, brown-red.
If the satanic mushroom is cut, then the white flesh will first turn pink, then turn blue. Cut young mushroom smells of rotten onions, mature - carrion.
Fly agaric
A more attractive mushroom than fly agaric, in particular red, can hardly be found. His image with ideal forms often becomes fatal for ignorant mushroom pickers, especially children.
Its habitat is not limited to the territory of Russia, it is growing with the same success in European, Asian countries and even in Australia.
It is important to know that this mushroom has a different color: from white, greenish, gray to bright red. The hat can reach 20 cm. During ripening, white flakes form on the surface of the hat. It is the red hat with white polka dots that is the main attracting factor.
Children and artists like to draw it, in its image and likeness they create children’s and Christmas toys. Amanita and indeed adorn the forest. But at the same time it is very important to remember that it is better to admire this mushroom from a distance. Its poison is so strong that it acts instantly. Especially he does not spare those who are poor in health, therefore, such people are practically unable to be saved from death.
Amanita smelly - the most poisonous of all its brothers. He does not look so attractive and looks like a toadstool. He has a cone-shaped yellowish hat. It produces a fetid odor on the cut.
In the people it was often used as a remedy for harmful insects. Traditional healers used fly agaric drugs in the treatment of nervous diseases.
Amanita smelly
Fiber Patuyara
Grows in whole families, is a representative of agaric. It appears in coniferous and deciduous forests, as well as in parks, artificial forest belts already in early May and retains its populations until August. It is found in Asia and in Europe.
At a young age, she has a white cone-shaped hat, it is easy to confuse it with champignon. With age, it turns yellow and then turns red. The edge of the hat, the diameter of which is from 3 to 9 cm, is wavy and cracks over time. The under-the-head plates are refined, first they are white, then they darken and acquire a brown tint. The cylindrical leg of the mushroom is small in height - only 1.5 cm. It has a smooth surface, merges with a hat in color.
On the cut, the white flesh only turns slightly pink and attracts with a mild fruity aroma. An important feature: the whole mushroom is the same color, the leg below has a noticeable thickening.
Pepper mushroom
His homeland may be Europe, the Caucasus and the Far East. In appearance, it resembles a flywheel or oiler. As a rule, it appears next to oils, grows one at a time. Therefore, maximum attention is required in order to recognize a poisonous mushroom in it.
Its main features: the hat has a bulge, the color is red or brown. The undercoat layer is yellowish with a red or brown tint, a tubular substance.
On the cut, the flesh is initially yellowish, then a reddish tint appears. Its most characteristic feature is the most acute bitterness, many times more burning than black pepper.
Waxed Talker
It grows in open areas covered with grass: meadows, parks, squares, forest edges. It can be found throughout Russia and many European countries. The size of the mushroom is small: the maximum diameter of the cap is 6 cm. While the mushroom is young, it is convex, in a mature state - concave. The white under-the-hat plates, when pressed, immediately darken. The leg is high, straight, slightly tapering to the bottom.
The danger of this fungus lies in its external attractiveness. It is difficult to recognize a poisonous mushroom in it; it has a fairly pleasant smell, white color. However, it is necessary to remember the main distinguishing feature: the under-hat plates are fused to the leg.
This mushroom contains muscarin toxin, which can affect the digestive organs, heart, and glands.
Considering the fact that the waxy govorushka at a young age practically does not differ from the edible fungus of the ordinary family, it is better not to touch it. Moreover, the edible mushroom is not at all distinguished by pleasant taste.
Other poisonous mushrooms
False value differs from edible in that there are no scars on the hat.
Valuy false
Chanterelles are false have a brighter orange color, and the plates under the hat are much larger than the edible ones.
Chanterelles are false
Openings are false differ in the gray-green color of the inside of the cap, and there is no rim on the leg. They also produce an unpleasant odor, which is extremely far from mushroom.
Openings are false
In order not to confuse gall mushroom with boletus or white, also determine its suitability as a slice. The gallstone will show a pinkish tint, the white one will have no changes, the brown boletus will darken.
Gall mushroom
Poisonous poisonous have difficult to recognize differences from conventionally edible and russula. Poisonous are equipped with a conical or flat hat, in the middle - a small sharp tubercle. Hat color from smoky gray, green to bright yellow. If an incision is made, a pink color appears.
Poisonous poisonous
Fringed Gallery lives in a coniferous forest, is very similar to an open-air, but differs from it in the absence of a ring on a stem.
Fringed Gallery
Features of poisoning
When eating any poisonous mushrooms in humans, the following symptoms are observed:
- Acute pain in the abdomen (stomach and intestines).
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Dizzy.
- Weakening consciousness or its loss.
When certain types of inedible fungi enter the body, other symptoms may occur. For example, death cap causes a state that can be divided into 3 phases:
- Hidden lasts from 60 minutes to 1.5-2 days.
- Digestive system damage - from 1 to 2 days.
- Violation of the kidneys and liver - the next day.
The first stage is dangerous due to the absence of symptoms. The second entails severe vomiting, pain in the head, diarrhea, pain in the abdomen, severe weakness. During this period, urgent measures must be taken, which can guarantee the rescue of the patient. The last phase is the appearance of a stool in the form of tar, the skin turns yellow, blood is found in the urine, vomit looks like coffee grounds. At this stage, it is very difficult to save the life of the patient, most often fatal.
Satanic mushroom is one of the most insidious, because the human body does not give any signals about poisoning for 12 hours. During this time, deadly toxins have time to hit the internal organs of the victim. Only after half a day do the first signs appear: vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness. To these symptoms are added yellowness of the skin, eyeballs, interruptions in the heartbeat. The urine is the color of dark beer, a noticeable enlargement of the liver, clouding of consciousness - this is a critical condition when it is almost impossible to save a person from death.
Fly agaric causes severe cutting pains in the peritoneum, loose stools, sweating, excessive salivation, lacrimation, pupils are narrowed to the limit. The poisoned person experiences intense fever, increased excitement, hallucinations, slurred speech are likely.
This video provides visual information about the main signs, similarities and differences of inedible mushrooms and edible:
First aid for poisoning
Gastric lavage is the most important thing to do at the first suspicion of poisoning by inedible mushrooms. This procedure can be done at home. It must be repeated up to 5 times. The victim should drink at least 5-6 glasses of water, and then induce artificial vomiting. To do this, take a spoon and put pressure on the root of the tongue.
After these manipulations, the patient is sent to bed, his limbs are wrapped with warm warmers, and he is given strong black tea. In the first stage (shortly after eating poisonous mushrooms), in the absence of diarrhea, light laxatives are given. It is necessary to monitor blood pressure in order to prevent a sharp decline, which laxatives can lead to, dehydrating the body.
Further, it is desirable to use absorbent preparations, the most common of which is activated carbon. It is able to remove toxins and neutralize the body.
All these actions should be done immediately until ambulance arrives, which must be called in advance.
They have repeatedly told the world how dangerous poisonous mushrooms are, but, unfortunately, not all people behave rationally by eating dubious species. Nobody calls for giving up mushrooms, because it’s enough to learn how to correctly recognize them, and the risk of poisoning will be reduced to zero.